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Grignard reagents are  extremely useful   organometallic compounds  in the field of organic chemistry.  They exhibit strong nucleophilic qualities and also have the ability to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Therefore, they display qualities that are also exhibited by organolithium reagents and the two reagents are considered similar. When the alkyl group attached to a Grignard reagent is replaced by an amido group, the resulting compound is called a Hauser base. These compounds are even more nucleophilic that their Grignard counterparts. What are Grignard Reagents? A Grignard reagent is an organomagnesium compound which can be described by the  chemical formula ‘R-Mg-X’   where R refers to an alkyl or aryl group and X refers to a halogen. They are generally produced by reacting an aryl halide or an alkyl halide with magnesium. These reagents were discovered by the  French chemist Victor Grignard , who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in th...

 Polymers Some Important Terms Polymer Large molecules having high molecular mass formed by combination of number of small units called monomers. Polymerisation The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers. Natural polymers Found in plants and animals. Examples:  proteins, cellulose, starch. Synthetic polymers: Synthesised  in laboratory from natural material. Example,  nylon 6, 6 , Buna-S Addition Polymers Formed by repeated addition of monomers having multiple bonds. Homopolymers. Addition polymers polymers formed from single monomeric species Copolymers Addition polymers formed from two different monomeric species Condensation polymers Formed  by repeated condensation of different bi or tri-functional monomer units. Fibres Long thin, threadlike bits of material that are characterized by great tensile (pulling) strength in the direction of the fiber.  The natural fibres – cotton,...

Biomolecules Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides:  Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis to give simpler carbohydrates. Examples:  Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Arabinose,  Mannose, Gulose etc.. Oligosaccharides:  The oligosaccharides (Greek, oligo, few) are carbohydrates which yield a definite number (2-9) of monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis. Trisaccharides:   yield three monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis. Examples:  raffinose, which has molecular formula, C18H32O16 Polysaccharides:  The polysaccahrides are carbohydrates of high molecular weight which yield many monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis. Examples are starch and cellulose, both of which have molecular formula, (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n . Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are crystalline solids, soluble in water and sweet to taste. They are collectively known as sugars. The polysacchari...

What is Isomerism? In the study of organic chemistry we come across many cases when two or more compounds are made of equal number of like atoms. A molecular formula does not tell the nature of organic compound; sometimes several organic compounds may have same molecular formula.  These compounds possess the same molecular formula but differ from each other in physical or chemical properties, are called isomers and the phenomenon is termed isomerism (Greek, isos = equal; meros  = parts). Since isomers have the same molecular formula, the difference in their properties must be due to different modes of the combination or arrangement of atoms within the molecule. Broadly speaking,there are two types of isomerism: Structural Isomerism Stereo Isomerism Download https://drive.google.com/open?id=1GVvkJVhWRgcqCykkRRSd6l30XdpGFtQw   Structural Isomerism ? When the isomerism is simply due to difference in the arrangement of atoms within the molecule ...