Polymers
Some Important Terms
Polymers are formed in two general ways.
a) In chain-reaction polymerizationRad. + CH2 = CH2 → RadCH2CH2→ RadCH2CH2CH2CH2× → etc.b) In step reaction polymerization,c) Free-radical vinyl polymerization:At the doubly bonded carbons — the vinyl groups — and is called vinyl polymerization. A wide variety of unsaturated monomers may be used, to yield polymers with different pendant groups (G) attached to the polymer backbone. For example.
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Some Important Polymers:
a) Natural Rubber:Addition polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)An average chain length of 5000 monomer units of isoprene.The rubber in which the arrangement of carbon chain is trans with respect to the double bond is known as Gutta Percha and this is the natural rubber obtained from bark of various trees.'Vulcanisation of rubber involves addition of sulphur to rubber and heating the mixture to increase the strength of natural rubber. sulphur forms short chains of sulphur atoms that link two hydrocarbon (isoprene) units together.Vulcanised rubber is thus stronger and less sticky than the natural rubber.b) Synthetic rubber:(Polychloroprene) or Neoprene)It is obtained by free radical polymerisation of chloroprene inA thermoplastic and need not to be vulcanised.It is a good general purpose rubber and superior to natural rubber as it is resistant to the reaction of aire, heat, light chemicals, alkalis and acids below 50% strength.It is used for making transmission belts, printing rolls and flexible tubing employed for conveyence of oil and petrol.c) Buna rubbers:i) Buna - N or GRA: it is synthetic rubber obtained by copolymerisation of one part of acryl nitrile and two parts of butadiene.It is more rigid responds less to heat and very resistant to swelling action of petorol, oils and other organic solvents.ii) Buna -S or GRS (General purpose Styrene rubber): It is a copolymer of three moles of butadiene and one mole of styrene and is an elastomer. It is obtained as a result of free radical copolymerisation of its monomers.It is generally compounded with carbon black and vulcanised with sulphur. It is extremely resistant to wear and tear and finds use in manufacture of tyres and other mechanical rubber goods.
d) Teflon: It is polymer of tetrafluorethylene (F2C=CF2) which on polymerisation gives Telfon.It is thermoplastic polymer with a high softening point (600K).It is very tough and difficult to work. It is inert to most chemicals except fluorine and molten alkali metals.It withstands high temperatures. Its electrical properties make it an ideal insulating material for high frequency installation.e) Nylon -66:A condensation polymer formed by reaction between adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. It is a thermoplastic polymer.h) Phenol-formaldehyde polymer: E.g., Bakelite Novolac
Redox Reactions Chemical Reaction is the process which leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to other substances. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in forming and breaking of the chemical bonds. The concept of electron transfer can easily explain the redox reaction in case of ionic substances. However, for covalent compounds oxidation and reduction or redox reactions are explained using a new term oxidation number . The term oxidation was first used to mean the addition of oxygen to an element or compound, or the removal of hydrogen from a compound. Reduction meant the addition of hydrogen to an element or compound, or the removal of oxygen from a compound. Such definitions have been extended and now-a-days many oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions are best interpreted in terms of transfer of electrons. Oxidation is defined as the loss of elec...